Evaluate Speaker free essay sample

Alex Browns mother, father and brother. This made us, as the audience, realize how much we can hurt our parents just as much as ourselves when testing and driving. Evidence What evidence is presented to support the claim? Throughout the whole article, it supports the claim. For example, when the mother said; And I left. You know, just a normal day. About 9:30, the aide came in from the college class and said that Alex had not made it to school and wanted to know if she was supposed to be there that day. Of course, she was. She would just never answer her phone, so I went and told the office hat needed to go find her.But, I knew where she was, and I knew what had happened. As I stated before, this had huge effect on us because of the fact that so many teenagers have that Oh it wont happen to me, Ill be fine mindset and one day, itll be just a normal day of going to work or school or hanging out with friends and thats when itll happen: a car will hit you or it could be raining and you could spin out and hit a tree or go down a hill. We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluate Speaker or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ideas What ideas are stated which are related to the claim? l told her, I said, Youve got to stop this. Youre going to have a wreck if you intone to do this.

The Duhem

The Duhem Introduction Scientific proposition necessitates more than one insinuation to the situation in order to be analyzed practically. Through segregation, it may not be feasible to experiment any scientific hypothesis as stipulated by the problem raised by Duhem–Quine (Duhem-Quine thesis).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Duhem-Quine specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The thesis presented by Duhem-Quine may also refer to the auxiliary hypotheses or assumptions. In essence, predictions cannot be made easily through this thesis (Curd Cover 1998, p. 10). However, a number of typical postulations in the surroundings would be a boost to obtaining predictions from the correct hypotheses. For instance, it is feasible to derive any prediction once there is perfect scientific information in the preceding hypothesis and if the actual test works as premeditated. In fact, when studying the planet, astronomic and physical the ories take into account facts and proofs of the notion that the world is in a continuous motion. The malfunctioning of both the background assumptions and the hypothesis may perhaps lead to the falsification, as well as examination of the experimental scientists. According to the thesis presented by Duhem-Quine, the separation of a solitary hypothesis from the entire package of hypotheses is not achievable. Besides, researchers are faced with a single solution to the predicament. Thus, failure of the empirical tests increases the likelihood of scientists to think otherwise. Actually, researchers would think that the examined theory is wrong even if the assumptions at the background are believed to be accurate. Thus, chapter three of the Philosophy of Science basically offers simple and analytical techniques that are coherent in heightening and developing physical sciences. All these are developed in divergent sections, which include the portion that talks about the formation of a co rporal principle. The other portion concentrates on the subject matter and aims of the corporal principle. Thus, the Quine-Duhem states that it is not possible to examine any scientific theory through isolation owing to an experiential examination of the hypothesis that needs more than one contextual assumption.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Main Body Basically, Duhem’s point necessarily leads to the incommensurability thesis. There are several justifications to support this claim. According to Duham-Quine’s Philosophy of Science, the indeterminacy of translation is incompatible with the rendition manuals for any language. In fact, the manuals can be arranged in a system where there is no impartially exact choice. A powerful variety of empiricisms required for affirmatively necessary or confident basis of credence through inductive verification was ruthlessl y criticized by Duham and Popper. The declaration is intrinsically covered by Martin Curd and Christopher Pincock in the Philosophy of Science. Quine stated that there are scientific theories that are irreconcilable yet they are practically correspondent. Specifically, the theory states that there is a connection between propositions that express pertinent proof and suggestions that comprise the theory. The logic behind this theory is that recurring annotations of white swans do not prevent the likelihood of the survival of black swans. In essence, the peak point in the distortion is the fundamental testing. According to Quine (1986), the testing can be carried out if two contradictory suppositions predict diverse results in some solid situations. When the condition arises through tentative management or opportune combination of intrinsic occurrences, the outcome amid the competitors may be one or another. The hypothesis raised doubts regarding the reason for distortion, hence the i nfluential character of critical testing. When investigating the subject, Quine states that the results of any testing are not envisaged on the foundation of a single thesis only since supplementary theses are involved. The outcomes are often challenging and are not primarily regarded as threatened, when the thesis of concern is examined.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Duhem-Quine specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nonetheless, if the results of the testing are not envisaged, it is rationally probable that the thesis under examination is correct and the inaccuracy reclines in one or more of the supplementary examinations (Gillies 1993, p. 7). The Duhem-Quine problem examines the representation and classification of experimental regulations. The objective of all impartial hypotheses is the depiction of investigational regulations. The terms truth and certainty possess a single implication with regard to such a the sis. The terms articulate concordance amid the termination of the thesis and the regulations recognized by the observer. Furthermore a rule of physics is only the synopsis of perpetuity of trials that have been conducted or shall be conducted in future (Quine 1954, p. 3). Fundamentally, Duhem’s argument regarding experimental laws essentially leads to the incommensurability theory. According to this author, a sound thesis offers an acceptable depiction of tentative laws. He stated that the conformity to the experiment is the only criteria of reality for a physical thesis. The author acknowledged four consecutive operations in the expansion of such a thesis. They include the description and gauging of physical magnitudes. In this, he identified the easiest characteristics of physical procedures and articulated the choosing of hypothesis. He also accounted for the interconnection devised in prior stages and articulated the arithmetical progression of the thesis. This level is g uided simply by the constraints of arithmetical reason devoid of physical realism. Finally, he articulated the evaluation of the thesis with experimentation. The Duhem-Quine theory is critically concerned with falsification. The philosophy offers the methodology that develops the uncertainty of repudiation. Inherently, the author states that when a physicist opposes a certain principle, he or she contributes some uncertainty to a specific hypothetical point.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this view, he hypothetically creates the justification for these doubts. From the proposal under arraignment, scientists will develop the forecasting of an investigational detail. Consequently, he or she will take into consideration circumstances under which the investigational detail should be developed. When the anticipated detail is not developed, the proposal which acted as the foundation of the estimation will be condemned. He explored the Bayesian turn in identifying the outstanding characteristics of distortion when accounting for the research program in view of various challenges. As a result, Quine observed that the Bayesian outline is not hinged on the valuation of impartial prospects in the first instance. The Bayesians begin with the likelihoods that are allocated to philosophies by experts (Lakatos 1978, p. 12). In this case, there are disagreements among different Bayesians. Basically, the disagreements concern how the likelihoods are assigned. It does not matter if biased belief is applied or is subjected to individuals’ behavior. Consequently, the author introduces the Bayess Theorem as formulated below. P(h!e) = P(e!h)P(h) where P(h), and P(e) 0 P(e) In this condition, he was concerned with the integrity of the theory h in comparison with experiential confirmation e. This means that the ensuing probability regarding the entirety of the evidence can be articulated. When written in the above form, the theorem states that the probability of the hypothesis’ provisional confirmation is equivalent to the prospect of the proof’s provision in the theory reproduced by the prospect of the theory in the absence of the confirmation factor. The result is then alienated by the possibility of the confirmation (Curd Cover 1998, p. 3). Conclusion The paper reviewed Duhem-Quine thesis expansion as presented by Gillies. In this paper, the fundamental modification by Quine and the traditional formulation of the postulation by Duhem have been observed. In fact, when predictions fail, the reasoning is that the concurrence of numerous hypotheses in a rational presumption disqualifies the unambiguous acknowledgment of error. Hence, it undercuts the attractive reasoning in critical research as a way of deciding amid rival theories. Duhem-Quine thesis has not blocked the development of science since neither Quine, nor Duhem predicted such a result. Interestingly, the thesis has aggravated lively discussions and the reconsideration of boundaries of common sense and the drawbacks in naive observations as offered by evidence collision. In general, Duhem never argued about the probability of conducting experiment to disprove theories. However, the scholar emphasized that the disclaimers plunged upon schemes of theories while the examination of experience was no longer instantaneous and straight. The series of circumstances transpiring from scientific decision-making rule out any simple or solitary solution to the falsificati on ambiguity. There is an understandable background that is suitable to warrant safety in the experimental outcomes. Based on other instances, scientific problem is less specific. Consequently, different works will possibly offer solutions to the thesis. Duhem-Quine thesis is moreover posed in a modus that is uncooperative. Yet, the reliability on science anchors on instantaneous negations or confirmations. Duhem gives us a more convincing standpoint regarding his discharge of prompt rationality. Thus, the understanding of Duhem-Quine problem stipulates that scientists should not rush into conclusions when choosing between systems theory. References Curd, M Cover, J 1998, Philosophy of science: the central issues, Norton and Company, London. Gillies, D 1993, Philosophy of science in the twentieth century: four central themes, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford. Lakatos, I 1978, â€Å"Why did copernicuss research programme supersede ptolemys?† Philosophical Papers, vol. 1 no. 3, Ca mbridge University Press, Cambridge. Quine, O 1986, Reply to Jules Vuillemin the philosophy of W. V. Quine, Library of Living Philosophers, Open Court, La Salle.

Professional skill Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Professional skill - Case Study Example In this case, the data was "personal" because the data subjects could be identified from the data. There were no emergencies to process the data, the data was processed for a new application and the data subjects were identifiable from the parameters. Assuming that the company had finished serving the purpose of obtaining the data, it needed further consent from the subjects to reuse it or it should have deleted the data as per law. (2) The Sports Goods Chain did not protect the data from being easily accessed and the company is responsible. The Seventh principle of the Act was breached with the onus of responsibility on the company. Data must be kept private and secure. This means that the data must be protected by sufficient technical and organisational means and restricted to authorised persons by means of passwords or other secure means. The responsibility of the breach lies on the sports goods chain. The breaches can be attributed to the fact that the Sports goods chain did not put sufficient technical and organisational mechanisms in place to ensure that it adequately protected its data. The company's implementation of privacy and published data protection policies were not executed properly. There was an absence of system level authentication and authorization to protect the data and make specific portions available to only those who require it. It was because of this that the contractor was able to gain unauthorised access to the data. The contractor must have been bound rigidly by the terms of the non-disclosure agreement and terms of use, which clearly define his rights, and his curtail the retention of the data for future use by him, even if he was able to access it. (3) There was unauthorized access to information by the contractor facilitated by inadequate protection by the company. The Data Protection Act of 1998, Chapter 9, Part VI section 55, (1) (a), (3) was breached. From the contractor's perspective, he accessed data and obtained data, which he should not have, in spite of the fact he was able to access it. He also retained the data for future reference. This may cause further distress to the data subjects if the data is used for other purposes that it was originally meant to be utilised. (4) There was disclosure of information of personal data for which the contractor was wholly responsible. The Data Protection Act of 1998, Chapter 9, Part VI section 55, (1) (b), (3) was breached. He discussed the wrongly acquired personal data that identified its data subjects, with his pals at the pub and that was absolutely a disclosure of information. Hence, the contractor is liable of an offence. Email Etiquette Following the right email, etiquette will ensure that there is no miscommunication or misunderstanding. It will make the usage of email more efficient, productive and professional. The fundamental rules of email are very basic and simple in personal and official communications. In organisations, the boundaries of usage are generally well documented. 1. E-mails are to be checked regularly and promptly responded. Messages need to be clear, concise, and focused and readable. Clear identity to recipient and a crisp subject line allow a hint of the content. ( http://www.iwillfollow.com/email.htm) 2. Simple fonts, sufficient formatting, adequate

Medical Reimbursement Methodologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Medical Reimbursement Methodologies - Essay Example The Blue Cross and Blue Shield Plans were really the blue prints from modern health insurance. That which started as a hospital plan for public school teachers at the Baylor University Hospital, became the model for Blue Cross Plans around the US. Essentially, these were prepaid plans for hospital services under a contractual agreement. Blue Cross dates back to 1933 where with support from American Hospital Association, this started as a nonprofit plan that covered only hospital charges. By 1946, this plan spread across 43 states and starting from 9% in 1940, in 1950, it covered about 57% of the population. In order to avoid conflict with the in-clinic private practice, to start with this was hospital oriented. This was endorsed by AMA, and later a new plan evolved in 1939, which was known as Blue Shield, and this evolved through development of active service plans. This was sign of commitment to private health insurance as the means to spread the financial risk of sickness without f ear of threatening personal interests of the physician. These plans were literally responses to challenge thrown by national health insurance. In due course of time, they started working together to provide both hospital and physician coverage. Now, these plans jointly provide a comprehensive care through either joint corporations or close working relationships. Since these plans were not for profit to begin with, the commercial insurance providers were skeptical to start with, but later, with the success of these plans, they also started providing health insurance. 3. Explain why the lack of universal health care coverage can raise health care costs. If there is a lack in universal healthcare coverage, there is cost involved in healthcare. Those who are uninsured and uncovered, they will have to pay from their pocket. Therefore, they try to tolerate symptoms and ignore

Amygdala and Hippocampus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Amygdala and Hippocampus - Essay Example The second experiment was made to record effects of lesions of different brain parts, which were amygdala, dorsal hippocampus, and cortex dorsal to the hippocampus. It was revealed that animals with amygdala lesions showed a significant difference in both pre-CS and CS during the experiment. Animals with lesions on hippocampus showed no significant change in time of freezing during the CS on any day but did show a significantly reduced freezing time during pre-CS condition. Lesions of the neocortex above the hippocampus had no obvious change on freezing to neither CS nor pre-CS compared with unoperated control group (Phillips R. G. and LeDoux, 1992, p.276).This study indicates that amygdala is an essential component in fear conditioning, regardless of the type of stimulus input serving as the CS. Amygdala is involved in the formation of associations between the aversive US and of any of a variety of types of CSS, ranging from the simplest to the most complex. Hippocampus, although no t necessary for conditioning with an explicit CS, is necessary for the conditioning of fear responses to contextual stimuli. Also, the study indicates the contextual conditioning may not be a necessary aspect of fear conditioning. I agree with, it because when intensities of the US are low, conditioning only developed to the explicit CS. When intensities increases, freezing time increases in the both explicit CS and the context, but contextual conditioning required a greater number of exposures to the US.

Factors Affecting the Growth of Microfinance Institutions

Factors Affecting the Growth of Microfinance Institutions CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.0 Introduction This chapter introduces the problem statement which the research proposes, the objectives that the research seeks to address, the questions that it seeks to answer and the scope of the research as well as the significance of the study. 1.1 Background of the Study There are many types of microfinance institutions depending on structure, function or philosophy. In many instances, the microfinance market is segmented according to the clients involved i.e. micro-enterprises, women, agriculturalists and so on. A main goal of many micro finance institutions is to provide sustainable micro finance facilities to the poor to facilitate income generation and reduce poverty (Baumann, 2001). The genesis of this is that the poor lack access to financial services, credit and savings facilities. The goal of microfinance institutions as development organizations is also to service the financial needs of unserved markets as means of meeting development objectives (Ledgerwood, 1999). The development objectives generally include reduction of poverty, empowerment of the poor and other disadvantaged groups, employment creation, development of new businesses and helping existing businesses to grow by diversifying their activities. In a world bank study of lending for small and micro enterprise projects, three objectives of microfinance institutions that were most frequently cited were, to create employment and income opportunities through the creation and expansion of micro enterprises, increase the productivity and incomes of vulnerable groups especially the poor and women, as well as reduce rural families dependence on drought prone crops through the diversification of their income generating activities (Webster et al, 1996). The microfinance revolution was introduced into the development economics arena slightly more than two decades ago. However, the widespread adoption of the microfinance model did not occur until the early 1990s. Since the mid 1990s, microfinance programmes and institutions have become an increasingly important component of strategies to promote micro-enterprise development in developing countries and specifically to reduce poverty (Colin, 2006). Microfinance was defined by the United Nation in 2005 as basic financial services, like credit, savings and insurance, which give people an opportunity to borrow, save, invest and protect their families against risk (UN, 2005). This definition was used in the context of microfinance and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It was therefore observed that microfinance promotes not only credit, but also inculcates savings that accumulate assets for poor people. Besides the major attributes of microfinance, namely; credit and savings, the concept of joint or shared liability has been highlighted by other researchers. According to Harper (2003), the concept of microfinance originated in Bangladesh, around 1976 through the pioneering experiment by Dr Muhammad Yunus, who was then a Professor of Economics. The primary difference between microfinance and the conventional credit disbursal mechanism lies in the joint liability concept. Whereby a group of individuals get together to form an association of persons called Self Help Groups (SHG) of which all the members undergo a training programme on the basic loan procedures and borrowing requirements. Loans to individuals within the Self help groups are approved by the others members of the group, who are also jointly responsible for its repayment in case of default. The members of the self help group save regularly through monthly contributions to the groups fund. Formal microfinance lending has been in existence in Kenya since the 1950s through the Joint Loan Board Scheme developed by the colonial government (Hondo, 2001). After independence in 1963, the Kenyan government went on to provide subsidized rural credit programs as a development strategy. There are many organizations both informal and formal which also offer these financial services. The informal channels are characterized by lending family, friends and neighbours. Rotating savings and credit associations (ROSCAs) are also very common. They hold regular meetings and each member contributes a fixed amount and an agreed amount is given to one member at a time (CBS et al, 1999). Commercial banks traditionally lend to medium and large enterprises which are judged to be creditworthy and tend to avoid doing business with the poor and the micro enterprises because the associated costs and risks are considered to be relatively high. Microfinance institutions (MFIs) have therefore become the main source of funding for micro enterprises in Africa and in other developing regions (Anyanwu, 2004). Microfinance institutions have become an important contributor to the Kenyan economy. The sector contributes to the national objective of creating employment opportunities, training entrepreneurs, generating income and providing a source of livelihood for the majority of low income households by financing the businesses that they run. The government and its development partners have spent considerable amount of resources in crafting policies and programs to build the growth of micro finance institutions. However results to date have been largely unsatisfactory (Gichira, 1992). 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT Provision of microfinance services that can have a sustainable impact on clients well being and reduced vulnerability is not an easy endeavour, microfinance institutions face many risks that can adversely affect their long term growth, operational and financial sustainability (Jeyanth, 2003). With regard to sustainability and growth, a study conducted by Omondi (2005) revealed that few microfinance institutions had attained sustainability and growth and had sound financial cost control and good loan portfolios. A good number of microfinance institutions had not attained financial stability and growth and were relying on subsidies from donors. Growth in the microfinance industry may be characterized by an increase in the breadth and depth of outreach of existing microfinance institutions, heightened competition among microfinance service providers, diversification of product and service offerings, and the presence of private and commercial funds for microfinance activities. There is little information on a standard blueprint to show us how to achieve these characteristics and to ensure the growth of the microfinance industry. To a large extent, the growth should be market driven and is yet to be achieved (Amando, 2005). Tilman, (2006) highlighted that although microfinance activity has increased considerably in recent years, significant growth was lacking and microfinance institutions are still far from reaching a significant portion of the population that lacks access to formal financial services. Further, studies conducted in Kenya have shown that even though the microfinance sector has been growing over the past few years, majority of the individual institutions have not experienced much growth. Moreover much of growth of the microfinance institutions has been spontaneous (G.O.K 1997). It is therefore against this background that the aim of the study is to assess factors affecting the growth of micro-finance institutions in Kenya. 1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE 1. To assess the factors affecting the growth of microfinance institutions in Kenya. 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION This research seeks to answer the following question; 1. What are the factors affecting the growth of microfinance institutions in Kenya? 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This study will benefit a number of groups among them managers of microfinance institutions who will use the study to gain an insight into factors that affect the growth of their businesses and how. This will in turn help them develop modalities to mitigate those factors that adversely affect the business and enhance those that promote growth of their microfinance institutions. The government too will benefit from this study. The government will use the findings of this study to craft appropriate policies that would promote the growth and stability of the microfinance institutions. Further the findings will help the Kenya governments development partners, NGOs, Donor communities and other stakeholders to effectively and efficiently target their assistance to the microfinance sector. Moreover, microfinance strategists, policy makers, aspiring microfinance researchers, university and college students pursuing a career in entrepreneurship or microfinance spheres will also benefit. 1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY Microfinance institutions have a wide coverage in both rural and urban areas of the country. This study focuses on microfinance institutions operating in Kenya. The study therefore covers the registered institutions. CHAPTER TWO LIERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction This chapter presents a review of various literature materials related to the study. It extensively looks at the factors that affect the growth of microfinance institutions. This review also highlights past literature that relates to this study, summary of gaps to be filled by the study, previous research findings, various papers and government publications on the subject. 2.2 Growth in the microfinance industry Amando, (2005) observed that growth in the microfinance industry may be characterized by an increase in the breadth and depth of outreach of existing microfinance institutions, heightened competition among microfinance service providers, diversification of product and service offerings, and the presence of private and commercial funds for microfinance activities. Outreach and sustainability are two critical objectives for microfinance institutions (MFIs). As defined by Christen et al (1999), outreach is the ability to provide quality financial services to large numbers of people, especially the very poor. Outreach is also an indicator of the institutions social mission to scale up and provide services to as many people as possible. Sustainability, in contrast, requires operating at a level of profitability that allows sustained service delivery without dependence on subsidized inputs. This represents the institutions commercial strategy. For microfinance institutions growth is the process of balancing the objectives of outreach and sustainability; balancing the social mission and the commercial strategy. Despite the increase in number of MFIs in operation, their growth is constrained, especially in rural areas, because of their limited resource base and lack of institutional capacity to provide a wide range of financial services. MFI outreach is predominantly through group based programmes, which have limited absorptive capacity for financial resources. The focus of most microfinance institutions is lending to the informal economy MSEs (â€Å"Jua Kali) and often women who are conducting trade in small goods or providing services (Stevenson, 2007). Craig (1997) on the other hand observed that many microfinance institutions experience cycles of growth followed by periods of consolidation where they are forced to solve operational challenges such as decline in portfolio quality, client desertion, untrained and burned-out staff, and administrative challenges including loan processing and information systems. In addition, many smaller credit programs never experience growth because they lack the resources; technical and or financial and a commitment to the financial systems approach. In Tanzania, a survey of 136 small firms found that 63 per cent of them consider difficulties in accessing finance from larger financial institutions as the major constraint to their growth (Satta, 2003). Even though micro finance bodies are meant to serve those who have been left out of the formal banking system, there is a growing concern that many Kenyans still lack credit facilities. Statistics from Association of Microfinance Institutions (AMFI) indicate that over 60 percent of Kenyans lack access to formal banking services. This is because most micro-credit companies are concentrated in cities and towns. Most of the people who lack credit are in rural areas. The question now is how to facilitate growth of microfinance institutions to cover all areas (Tilman, 2006). 2.2.1 Constraints facing micro finance institutions. The microfinance sector in Kenya has faced a number of constraints that need to be addressed to enable them to improve outreach and sustainability and grow. The major impediment to the development of microfinance business in Kenya has been until recently poor legislation and set of regulations to guide the operations of the microfinance sub-sector. This has contributed to a large extent to the poor performance and eventual demise microfinance institutions because of a lack of appropriate regulatory oversight. This has also had a bearing on a number of other constraints faced by the industry, namely: wide diversity in institutional form, inadequate governance and management capacity, limited outreach, unhealthy competition, limited access to funds, unfavorable image and lack of performance standards, Poverty reduction strategy paper (PRSP 1999). Providing financial services to poor people is costly, in part, because they have small amounts of money, often live in urban slums and remote rural setups, and rarely have documented credit histories. During the past decade, microfinance institutions (MFIs) started addressing this problem by developing techniques that permit safe lending in the absence of borrowers credit history. Still, MFIs usually charge relatively high interest rates to cover the administrative costs of handling small transactions for dispersed populations (Gaulum, 2006). Mutua et al (1996) highlighted that a problem facing NGOs running microfinance institutions is the ability to balance traditional welfare objectives with the goals of maintaining sustainable credit programmes. This is because when credit policies are based on humanitarian rather than financial considerations, inefficiency and ineffectiveness can follow which hampers sustainability and growth of microfinance institutions. A study by Anyanwu (2004), on Microfinance institutions policy practice and potentials in Nigeria revealed that the sub sector in Africa faces a number of challenges which include the urgent access to medium to long term sustainable sources of funding. 2.2.2 Importance of the microfinance sector The first attribute that distinguishes microfinance institutions from others is what has come to be called its dual mission of balancing a social agenda or social impact with its financial objectives. Most microfinance institutions (MFIs) are institutions that combine a social development mission; provision of financial services to the lowest income population possible with a financial objective that drives the institution to achieve self sufficiency and thereby accomplish sustained service delivery without dependence on subsidies (Humphrey, 2006). The government appreciates the importance of microfinance institutions in the development of SMEs. In G.O.K (2005) policy paper the government sates lack of access to credit is a major constraint inhibiting the growth of the entrepreneurs. The same paper further states that the government recognizes that access to credit and financial services is key to the growth and development of any enterprise and more so the SMEs The government therefore has its own programmes and projects targeting the sector. Some of them are the Kenya Industrial Estates, the Joint Loan board both under the Ministry of Trade and Industry and the recently established Kshs. l billion youth fund under the Ministry of Youth Affairs in the office of the Vice President. According to an evaluation study on microfinance programmes in Kenya Supported through the Dutch co-financing programme, (Hospes 2002) concludes that the impact of the financial service provision by Kenya Women Finance Trust (KWFT) at the enterprise level is positive in many respects: Enterprise size and employment generation, both the quantitative and qualitative assessment show that the provision of loans by KWFT has helped women to keep them going even in the most difficult times, as well as contribute to providing continued employment to the women and their families, and to increase the number of employees in their business, either on temporary or permanent basis. It is now widely acknowledged that the MFIs, with their innovative program packaging, have enlarged the financial market, increased the volume of household financial savings and induced financial independence among rural families (Sajjad et al 1999). According to the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) of 1999, a large number of Kenyans derive their livelihood from small and micro-enterprises. Therefore, development of this sector represents an important means of creating employment, promoting growth, and reducing poverty in the long term. However, in spite of the importance of this sector, experience shows that provision and delivery of credit and other financial services to the sector by formal credit institutions, such as microfinance institutions has been below expectation. This means that it is difficult for the poor to climb out of poverty due to lack of finance for their productive activities. Therefore, new, innovative and pro-poor modes of financing low income households and SMEs based on sound operating principles need to be developed. The United Nations acknowledges microfinance as a key instrument to achieving Millennium development Goals (MDGs), which seeks to reduce poverty by 2015. They include reducing child mortality by two thirds, eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, achieving universal primary education, promoting gender equality and empowering women, as well as combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases (UN, 2005). As microfinance institutions in Kenya continue to increase in numbers, their survival in the market economy will greatly be influenced by the impact their products and services have to their recipients. This will include; the empowerment of family, generation of income and improvement of welfare, the increase in business performance, training and business skills provided to clients, terms and conditions for loan repayment and servicing among others. Microfinance institutions are critical to Africas quest for solutions to the continents development challenge. The area of their greatest potential impact, rural Africa, is not only home to the bulk of the continents population, but also the vast majority of Africas poor. MFIs with examples from Zambia, Kenya, South Africa, Mali and Zimbabwe, establish a link between MFIs and both poverty eradication and the empowerment and equality of women, two of the major Millennium Development Goals (Kaoma, 2001). Anywanu, (2004) observes that microfinance institutions aim to improve the socio-economic conditions of women, especially those in the rural areas through the provision of loan assistance, skills acquisition, reproductive health care service, adult literacy and girl child education. They also aim to build community capacities for wealth creation among enterprising poor people and to promote sustainable livelihood by strengthening rural responsive banking methodology as well as eradicate poverty through the provision of microfinance and skill acquisition development for income generation. 2.2.3 Promotion of Microfinance institutions growth. As an enterprise grows, different needs arise to correspond with every stage of its development. The level of sophistication of knowledge, skill and attitude change, inputs will vary with this every stage. It should however reflect that the needs are demand driven because they can be correlated with the problems and opportunities that micro financiers face in managing the business (Murumbutsa, 1998). Oikocredit International, a social investor increasingly engaged in microfinance, expressed that channeling commercial capital to microfinance institutions is key in establishing the conditions for sustainability and for the scaling-up of microfinance institutions. Commercial capital pushes microfinance institutions to have more rigorous financial discipline and management (Amando, 2005). Microfinance institutions in Kenya need to adopt and subscribe to performance standards in their operations so as to measure and ensure growth. In the Philippines the Central Bank as a member of the National Credit Council worked very hard in finalizing a set of performance standards that can be used by microfinance institutions across the banking, non-governmental and cooperative sectors to facilitate assessment and evaluation of their performance. The standards go by the acronym P.E.S.O, which stands for Portfolio Quality, Efficiency, Sustainability and Outreach. MFI growth includes diversification, such as the introduction of new financial products, training needs to be designed to gradually provide staff with new skills, thus increasing their flexibility and productivity. Credit bureaus are useful in reducing risks in lending and in encouraging a more responsible attitude towards credit by borrowers which will ultimately lower delinquency and strengthen the credit and financial system. In addition, the presence of credit bureaus will foster lending to the previously neglected sector such as the micro, small and medium enterprises due to less reliance on collateral based credit decisions. The other necessary condition is the presence of a comprehensive credit information system. With more and more players engaged in microfinance, the problem of credit pollution and multiple borrowings is also increasing. The sharing and disseminating of credit related information will be able to address this problem (Kitabu, 2007). To be successful an organization should have special features over and above being new and small in an industry. If any developments have to take place among microfinance institutions then the rate of their growth would depend on accumulation of physical and human capital. This however would require an effective allocation of resources and ability to acquire and apply modern technology (Biggs et al, 1996) Growth of the microfinance sector however, is very much dependent on a host of factors among them, the policy and regulatory environment, which consists of broad, high level policies that affect the economic and regulatory conditions in which micro finance institutions have to operate. Such are macro-policies for the stabilization and growth of the economy. Other factors include provision of technological capabilities and skills upgrading, competition. These factors promote higher business productivity and growth through improved techniques, and the related introduction of better quality products and services that yield the institutions high added value and larger markets. The provision of financial services, technology upgrading, complements the beneficial effects of a truly enabling policy environment (Ronge, et al, 2002) The government is struggling to thrust the country into a state of economic recovery by integrating the microfinance sector into the national economic grid, by seriously looking at the potential of the microfinance institutions sectors for driving SMEs, creating employment and economic growth, further the Kenya government has taken major steps in the development of this sector by passing a regulatory framework in the form of the micro-finance bill which will enable their registration and regulation of micro finance institutions (Munguti, 2005). For a growing business to continue growing, it has to be a learning organization that monitors the market and scans the horizon looking for clues or trends. It needs to be proactive by regularly analyzing how it can do better. There may be a tendency in mature MFIs to assume that, because their current financial products are so successful, they should continue to operate the way they are and just increase the scale of their operations. Successful firms are constantly innovating and upgrading, and they spend a significant percentage of their budget on research and development. Donor organizations should consider how their resources may fund the imagination of microfinance institutions to enhance their growth (Tomasko, 1996). Businesses need to have an effective management information system in place prior to an explosive growth phase to enable it to manage growth. Most emerging firms get into trouble because the management team either does not have the information it needs to make the right decisions or chooses to ignore the information that is available. For microfinance, information is even more important than in most businesses. It is the lifeblood of an MFI. Microfinance relies an information based lending technology, as opposed to commercial banks that use a collateral-based approach. Microfinance information must focus on financial as well as non-financial indicators, such as productivity, efficiency, average loan size, and client retention. The management information system should provide information about factors and forces that need to be monitored closely as well as insights into what should be changed. This early warning system can scan the horizon for trends, and identify threats and opportun ities (Craig, 1997). 2.3 Summary and Gap From literature reviewed the information available indicates that the number of micro finance institutions in Kenya is gradually increasing and dominant market players are growing, most microfinance institutions however register slow growth and further the reasons for this with respect to Kenya are not conclusive. Despite their success so far microfinance institutions only reach a fraction of the estimated underlying demand. There is huge latent demand for micro-credit around the country. Even though micro-finance bodies are meant to serve those who have been left out of the formal banking system, there is a growing concern that many Kenyans still lack credit facilities. This is because despite the growing number of microfinance institutions in Kenya, their outreach is constrained especially in rural areas, the study therefore seeks to establish the factors affecting their growth. Most studies have focused on the small and micro enterprises growth to show how successful they have been after receiving micro-credit, few have tried to analyze the factors affecting the growth of microfinance institutions themselves. Although microfinance activity has grown considerably in recent years, it is still far from reaching a significant portion of the population that lacks access to formal financial services. Microfinance institutions despite their success over the past few years, have only grown to reach a fraction of the estimated underlying demand, extensive study is yet to be done on factors affecting their growth. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction This chapter discusses the research method that was applied in carrying out the study. It covers the following areas; Research design, target population, sampling design, data collection procedure and data analysis. 3.1 Research Design This study adapted a descriptive research design. The research aimed to collect data on the factors affecting the growth of microfinance institutions in Kenya. Descriptive research design is used when data collected describes persons, organizations, settings or phenomena. This approach was appropriate because the data collected mainly involved descriptions of the variables in the study. This descriptive research design enabled the research capture quantitative data to provide in depth information about the factors affecting the growth of microfinance institutions in Kenya. 3.2 Target Population The target population in this research were microfinance institutions registered and operating in Kenya. There are 56 registered microfinance institutions, this was the group of interest. Questionnaires were administered to finance managers of these microfinance institutions. 3.3 Sample Design The census method was used in this study. In this method of study, all registered microfinance institutions were surveyed. For the purposes of this study all 56 registered microfinance institutions. 3.4 Data collection methods Data was collected from microfinance institutions using structured questionnaire. Primary data was collected by use of questionnaire method in this study. Primary data are those which are collected fresh and for the first time and thus happen to be original in character (Kothari, 2004). In this study, the research made use of a questionnaire to solicit ideas related to the research problem from respondents. The questions sought to address the research objective and question related to the study. A drop and pick method was used in administration of the questionnaire. 3.5 Data Analysis and Presentation The results obtained from data collected were summarized under common themes and presented in form of frequency tables, percentages and pie charts. According to Cochran (1989) results from research findings are often presented in these forms. Data was analyzed by frequency distribution and percentages to show the frequency of institutions citing common factors and the percentage of them identifying similar factors affecting their growth. Written explanations are provided to interpret data, to draw conclusions and make recommendations. The purpose was to measure and provide information on factors affecting the growth of microfinance institutions. CHAPTER FOUR DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF RESULTS 4.1 Introduction This chapter deals with the results and findings of the study. It presents and descriptively analyzes the data gathered from respondents and summarizes the major findings from the respondents. These responses were analyzed using excel computer package and the results summarized in form of tables, bar graphs and pie charts as appropriate. 4.2 Results and Data Analysis The primary objective of the study was to assess the factors affecting the growth of microfinance institutions in Kenya. A census was undertaken where all 56 registered microfinance institutions were presented with questionnaires, 34 of the 56 respondents returning their duly filled up questionnaires. This represented a 60.7% response rate which was deemed sufficient for derivations of conclusions covering the entire population under the study. 4.3 General Findings. 4.3.1 Years of operation On the number of years that the organizations have been in operation, the results showed that majority (55.9%) were between 10 and 15 years old since they started operating. 14.7% of the organizations were the oldest being over 15 years old, while 11.8% of the population being the youngest having being in operation for less than 5 years. The remaining 17.6% of the respondent organizations were between 5 and 10 years. 4.3.2 Customer segments. In response to the question regarding to which customer segments the organizations provide microfinance facilities to, 5.9% said they provide services to women, 11.8% indicated micro enterprises, 79.4% provide services to all segments, while 2.9% said the cater for agriculturalists. 4.3.3 Client base From this study it was established that 50% of the organizations that responded had a client base of over 10,000 clients. 32.4% of the microfinance institutions had between 5,000 and 10,000 clients and 17.6% of the respondents indicated having a client base of less than 5,000 customers. 4.3.4

French and European Architecutre in 1600 :: essays papers

French and European Architecutre in 1600 The Baroque style of painting during the 1600 and 1700’s reflects an intense interest in expressing human emotion through art. Biblical scenes and representations of biblical characters are a common link between art works of that time throughout the different areas of Europe. Caravaggio represents the typical Italian Baroque artist at that time but possesses many artistic qualities uniquely his own. Bartolome Eseban Murillo, represents the typical Spanish Baroque painter. Both these painters demonstrate Baroque style, yet they have truly unique styles from each other. Caravaggio’s St. John the Baptist in the Wilderness is typical of Italian Baroque style during the 1600s and 1700s. Characteristics of Italian Baroque style are sharp contrasts of light and dark, violent movement created through the use of diagonals, and intense emotional expressions of theatrical scenes. Caravaggio’s style exhibits many of these same characteristics. The painting was originally intended for an altarpiece in a small oratory in a town west of Genoa. The massive size of the canvas leads to the belief that this painting would have been the focus in the oratory. The size of St. John is extremely large in comparison to the size of the canvas. His presence encompasses most of the canvas making him the focus of the piece. The actual iconography of Caravaggio’s painting is typical of it’s time period, yet the portrayal of John the Baptist is what makes this piece unique. Unlike most portrayals of biblical figures, that St. John appears naturalistic and not idealized. Caravaggio expresses this naturalism in the dirty, grimy feet of St. John. The fact that St. John is p ictured alone is also nontraditional for this time period. He appears to be resting, his head hung slightly down, in the desolate wilderness, appearing defeated and worn out. The atmosphere intensifies his loneliness. The wilderness behind him feels dark, morose, and lonely. Details are absent from the atmosphere except for a small plant which sits on the ground by itself. The plant echoes the loneliness of St. John. The atmospheric presence enhances the feel of the subject but is not the focus. Caravaggio possesses a unique style in which he manipulates lighting to create a vivid visual effect. The lighting starkly focuses on St. John, putting him into the direct line of view. Caravaggio’s creative use of lighting also becomes apparent in the sharp contrasts of light and dark in this painting.

Eat Well, Feel Better. the Link Between What We Eat and Our Mental Health

Eat well, feel better. The link between what we eat and our mental health. Table of contents 1 Introduction Page 2 1. 1 Background information Page 2 1. 2 Aim Page 2 1 Methodology Page 2 2. 3 Primary research Page 2 2. Secondary research Page 2 3 Findings Page 3 3. 1 What is mental illness Page 3 3. 2 The link between food and mental health Page 4 4 Conclusions Page 5 5 Recommendations Page 6 6 Bibliography Page 7 . Introduction 1. 1 Background Information In recent years there has been an increase of mental health problems in our society. According to the Department of Health(2012) one in four adults experience mental illness at some point during their lifetime and one in six experience symptoms of mental illness – thus making it the largest single cause of disability in our society. Many people choose to take control of their mental health by using self-help approaches alongside, or even instead of, prescribed medication and talking therapies.Making changes to diet and eat ing habits is just one approach that some people have used to help improve their mental well-being. The links between diet and mental health are less clearly understood than links between diet and physical health. There are some generally accepted trends and pieces of advice than can help when thinking about what you eat and drink. 1. 2 Aim This report is going to outline what mental health is and how it affects people. It is going to research how what you eat affects your mental health and how eating or not eating certain foods can contribute to a person’s mental wellbeing.It is also going to suggest the types of foods that are good to help maintain mental wellbeing and tell the reader why and how these foods make a person with mental health problems feel. 2. Methodology 2. 1Primary research The time allotted for this report did not allow for any accurate primary research to be done as this would have involved drawing up questionnaires, handing them out to a target group, co llecting them in and analysing the findings all of which would be a time consuming task. 2. 2 Secondary Research In the report secondary sources from various websites are the main source of information.There is limited information in books about this as it is a very current topic and websites such as www. mind. org and www. sustainweb. org have been carrying out research on this subject and have a lot of valuable information. 3. Findings 3. 1 what is mental illness Mental illness is a term used when someone experiences significant changes in their thinking, feelings or behavior. The changes are usually bad enough to affect how the person functions and can cause distress to them or to other people. It may cause Anxiety, Depression, Suicidal Thoughts, Sleep Deprivation and a general feeling of unease and despair.A person with a mental illness sees things differently than a person without a mental illness and something simple to a non-sufferer can be life changing to a sufferer and can lead to the illness taking over where it is a downwards spiral in to the depths of depression. This then become a vicious circle of depression leading to the sleep deprivation which in turn leads to anxiety attacks which can then lead to feelings of despair and maybe even suicidal thoughts which then brings the sufferer straight back to the beginning were they are anxious about what might happen next and starts the circle all over gain. 3. 2 Research According to Youngminds(2012) there is increasing evidence of a link between what we eat and how we feel. This is called the ‘food – mood’ connection. How we feel influences what we choose to eat or drink and vice versa – and a healthy diet can help to protect our mental health. Mental health problems are believed to be the result of a combination of factors, including age, genetics and environmental factors. One of the most obvious, yet under-recognised factors in the development of major trends in mental he alth is the role of nutrition.Sustain(2010) indicates that a balanced mood and feelings of well-being can be helped by ensuring that our diet provides adequate amounts of certain foods such as foods that contain;- * Complex carbohydrates, Glucose from the carbohydrates we eat provides the brain’s main source of fuel. Without this fuel, we can’t think clearly. Some carbs are better than others. Sugar, white pasta and biscuits will only give you a short burst of energy. You'll feel tired and grumpy when the sugar high wears off and for someone with mental health issues this could then trigger a series of emotions. . If you eat lots of sugary foods, fizzy drinks and stimulants such as coffee, tea or alcohol, your blood sugar levels go up and down. This can make you irritable, anxious, and dizzy, it can also lead to poor concentration and aggressive behaviour. Complex carbohydrates†, such as wholegrain, beans and vegetables, are a better choice because they give you sustained energy and you don’t get that come down feeling when they wear off. * Essential fats, Essential fats, found mainly in oily fish, seeds and nuts, cannot be made within the body, so we have to get them from food.Sixty per cent of the brain is made of fat, and the fats we eat directly affect its structure. A lack of omega-3 fatty acids has been linked to various mental health problems, including depression and lack of concentration. * Amino acids, Proteins found mainly in meat, fish and soya products are broken down in the body to be used as amino acids, which are vital to good mental health. Brain messengers are made in the body from the proteins that we eat. If we don't get enough amino acids it can lead to feelings of depression, apathy, lack of motivation or tension. * Vitamins and mineralsVitamins such as b ,c , e and folate along with minerals such as zinc and magnesium which are found in foods such as green leafy vegetables ,eggs ,red meat ,yeasts ,nuts, whole g rains and fruits are all good to help combat mental health issues. * Water is also very good. This is also backed up by information given by Youngminds(2012) and sustain(2012). This is, of course, the same type of healthy balanced diet that is widely recommended to reduce our risk of developing coronary heart disease, strokes, a range of cancers, diabetes and a number of digestive disorders and conditions.The diet that would give us the right amount and balance of these nutrients would contain: * lots of different vegetables and fruit * a wide variety of whole grains, * nuts, seeds and legumes, * and some occasional oily fish, lean meat and dairy products. Mind(2012) says the body of evidence linking diet and mental health is growing at a rapid pace. As well as its impact on short and long-term mental health, the evidence indicates that food plays an important contributing role in the development, management and prevention of specific mental health problems such as * depression, sch izophrenia, * attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD), * Alzheimer’s disease. This is also backed up by sustain(2010) and mentalhealthfoundation(2012). The evidence so far does not show that these conditions can be prevented or cured by diet alone. However, evidence is accumulating that the combination of polyunsaturated fats, minerals and vitamins may help to: †¢relieve the symptoms of some mental illnesses; †¢improve the effectiveness of medication for some conditions; and †¢reduce the unpleasant side-effects of some medications.Comfort eating is another symptom of mental health issues, eating or drinking the foods that give false highs but also bring that depressed low feeling when the effects of the chemicals released in the brain ware off. Mind(2012) states If you eat lots of sugary foods, fizzy drinks and stimulants such as coffee, tea or alcohol, your blood sugar levels go up and down. This can make you irritable, anxious, and dizzy, It can also l ead to poor concentration and aggressive behaviour.Even with all the information that is out there not many people realise the link between food and mental health. Mentalhealthfeedingminds(2012) states that the role of diet in the nation’s mental health has yet to be fully understood and embraced, and shifts in policy and practice have been slow to materialise. Possible reasons include a lack of awareness of the evidence, scepticism as to its quality and vested interests in other treatments and approaches. 4. ConclusionsThe aim of this report was to show the link between food and mental health and to show how certain foods effect how we feel. Whilst researching this topic the author found that there is a definite link between food and mental health although not enough research has been done in this area to allow for an extensive report to be carried out. The websites that have researched this issue are trusted and credible websites but they lack the resources to investigate f urther or carry out primary research on this matter. 5. RecommendationsA recommendation would be for extensive medical research to be carried out in this area with doctors and nutritionist working together to teach people with mental health issues how to help themselves by maintaining a healthy and balanced diet. Also primary research should be done on a target group of people with mental health issues were they keep a food diary of what they eat for a period of time noting how they felt and if there was an improvement on their mental health. References Bibliography * Departmentofhealth. (2012)Mentalhealth. Available from. www. dh. gov. uk. (Accessed02/10/2012). Ispsuk. (2012). What is mental illness and what is mental health? Availablefrom. www. ispsuk. org(2012. Accessed. 04/10/2012 * Mentalhealthintheuk. (2012). Mindguidetofoodandmood. Available from. www. mentalhealthintheuk. co. uk/Mindguidetofood. pdf. Accessed02/10/2012 * Mentalhealthfoundation. (2012). DietandMentalHealth. A vailablefromwww. mentalhealth. org. uk/help-information/mental-health-a-z/D/diet. 2012. Accessed. 04/10/2012 * Mentalhealthy. (2012). Self-help Depression Availablefrom;www. mentalhealthy. co. uk/lifestyle/mind-food/food-for-good-mental-health. Accessed03. 0. 2012 * Mindforbettermentalhealth. (2012). Mind guide to food and mood. Availablefrom;www. mind. org. uk/help/medical_and_alternative_care/food_and_mood-the_mind_guide. Accessed. 02. 10. 2012. * Sustainweb. (2010). Howarefoodandmentalhealthrelated? Availablefrom;. www. sustainweb. org/foodandmentalhealth. Accessed. 02/10/2012. * Youngminds. (2012). Youngmindsthevoiceofyoungpeoplesmentalhealthandwellbeing. availablefrom;http://www. youngminds. org. uk/for_children_young_people/better_mental_health/look_after_your_body? gclid=CJWfjqiRurMCFUVZ3godwEEAFQ. A ccessed. 02. 10. 2012.

How to Introduce Yourself in Spanish

How to Introduce Yourself in Spanish No matter how little Spanish you know, its easy to introduce yourself to someone who speaks Spanish. Here are three ways you can do it: Introduce Yourself: Method 1 Simply follow these steps, and youll be well on your way to making a connection with someone even if that person doesnt speak your language: To say hello or hi, merely say Hola or OH-la (rhymes with Lola; note that the letter h is silent in Spanish).To introduce yourself, simply say Me llamo (may YAHM-oh) followed by your name. For example, Hola, me llamo Chris (OH-la, may YAHM-oh Chris) means Hi, Im Chris.To ask someones name in a formal way, say  ¿Cà ³mo se llama usted? or KOH-moh say YAHM-ah oo-STED. (The oo rhymes with moo.) This means, What is your name?In an informal setting, or if speaking to a child, say  ¿Cà ³mo te llamas? or KOH-mo tay YAHM-ahss. That also means, What is your name?After the person responds, you may say, Mucho gusto or MOOCH-oh GOOSE-toh. The phrase means much pleasure or, less literally, pleased to meet you. Introduce Yourself: Method 2 This second method may be a slightly less common way of introducing yourself, but its still perfectly acceptable and is easier to learn. Most of the steps are the same as above, but for the second step, where you actually introduce yourself, merely say Hola followed by soy and your name. Soy is pronounced basically the same as it is in English. Hola, soy Chris means Hello, Im Chris. Introduce Yourself: Method 3 The third method also isnt as common as the first in most areas, but it may be the most straightforward way for those who have English as a first language. For the second step, you can use Mi nombre es or mee NOHM-breh ess followed by your name. Thus, if your name is Chris, you can say: Hola, mi nombre es Chris. Whichever method you use, dont be afraid to sound silly. Youll be understood by following these directions, and in nearly any Spanish-speaking area even the feeblest attempts to speak Spanish will be honored. Spanish Introductions The most common way to introduce yourself in Spanish is to say  Me llamo followed by your name.Alternatives include Mi nombre es or Soy followed by your name.Hola can be used for either  hi or hello. Grammar and Vocabulary Behind These Introductions You dont need to understand the precise meanings of what youre saying or how the words relate to each other grammatically to introduce yourself. But if youre curious, or if youre planning on learning Spanish, you may find them interesting to know. As you might have guessed, hola and hello are basically the same word. Those who know etymology, the study of word origins, think the word goes back to at least the 14th century, before English and Spanish existed in their current form. Although it is unclear how the word entered Spanish, it probably originated with German as a way of trying to get someones attention. Me in the first method above means myself (obviously, theres an etymological connection with the English me), and llamo is a form of the verb llamar, which usually means to call. So if you say Me llamo Chris, thats a direct equivalent of I call myself Chris. Llamar is used in many of the same ways as to call is, such as for calling out to someone or calling someone on the telephone. In both Spanish and English, verbs in which the person is referring to doing something to him- or herself are known as reflexive verbs. The reason two methods are used with llamar for asking someones name is because Spanish differentiates between formal and informal (sometimes called formal and familiar) ways of addressing people. English used to do the same thing - thou, thee and thine were all informal terms at one time, although in modern English you and your can be used in both formal and informal situations. Although there are regional variations in how Spanish distinguishes between the two forms, as a foreigner you are safer in using the formal form ( ¿Cà ³mo se llama _____?) with adults and especially with authority figures. Soy is a form of the verb ser, which means to be. In the final method, mi nombre es is a word-for-word equivalent of my name is. Like soy, es comes from the  verb ser.

Integrating different human resource processes in a retail store using SAP, Oracle and other Employee Management Systems The WritePass Journal

Integrating different human resource processes in a retail store using SAP, Oracle and other Employee Management Systems Introduction Integrating different human resource processes in a retail store using SAP, Oracle and other Employee Management Systems IntroductionInitial ResearchPayroll Management ModuleLabour and Time Management ModuleBenefits Administration ModuleHR Management ModuleAims and ObjectivesAimObjectivesDesignPayroll ModuleAttendance ModuleHoliday Management ModulePerformance Analysis ModuleShifts Management ModuleEmployee Use-CaseManager Use-CaseHR/Admin Use-CaseREFERENCESAppendixRelated Introduction In current scenario, Information Systems plays an important role in every business. Managing the human resources of an establishment is one of the key challenges faced by the organizations. There are several solutions to manage the human resources that are currently available in the market. Currently major supermarkets in the UK like Sainsburys, Tesco, ASDA, BQ etc. uses different HRMS provided by leading vendors like SAP, Oracle etc. which are extremely efficient and also comes at a price. These advanced and efficient systems are not within the scope of upcoming supermarkets and superstores in the UK and in other developing countries which definitely need an efficient, robust, simple and cheaper solution to manage the various core processes that come under the human resources management which include Payroll Management, Time and Labour Management which includes managing attendance, holidays management etc. and finally Employee Self Service. There is a strong need of an application which would integrate all these solutions and provide a single solution with various modules to perform various tasks. The advent of open source technologies has revolutionized the entire world as it has made some of the most expensive information systems and other software less expensive sometimes the similar systems are available for free. The Employee Management Systemwill be totally built on various open source technologies like Java, JSP, XML and JavaScript which would further reduce the costs to the company and also would make the system available for various categories of supermarkets from large scale to small scale stores. Initial Research Human Resource forms one of the vital resources of any organization which is the important driving factor for success of that organization. Managing human resource that human resource efficiently and effectively reduces the costs and increases the productivity. Information Systems which manage the human resources is called Human Resource Management System. Human Resource Management Systems are â€Å"The systems which provide link between Human Resource Management and the Information Technology†. There are many HRM Systems provided by major vendors like Oracle, SAP Labs, Ascentis etc. which are efficient and robust. These systems have four core modules of a Human Resource Management Systems namely Payroll Management Module In this module, payroll process is completely automated. Based on total working hours, holiday pays and tax deductions a specific pay check and tax report is generated for each employee automatically. Labour and Time Management Module In this module attendance management and holidays management of employees is taken care of and it calculates the cost of each employee to the company. It provides the company with valuable data about the usage of labour resource. Benefits Administration Module The benefit administration module helps the HR department to monitor and manage the employee participation in benefit programs offered by the company. Benefit programs include health insurance, pension schemes, stock options etc. This module is clearly outside the scope of proposed employee management system because the system is mainly targeted at smaller and upcoming retail stores. HR Management Module This module consists of different HR solutions starting for recruitment to retirement. This module assists HR department to manage its human capital pool in an effective manner. It consists of various functionalities like training and development, online recruiting etc. The initial setup costs and further maintenance cost of these systems provided by popular vendors are expensive and are not affordable for smaller retail stores. Also the smaller and newer retail stores would require just the basic functionalities and a cheaper solution to run within the allocated minimum budget. Hence there is a strong need for an HRMS system which is developed using open source tools and can be made available for free. Aims and Objectives Aim The aim of this project is to develop an information system which integrates different process that are related to Human Resources of a retail store. Objectives To research on various processes that are related to human resources of a retail store. To research on current systems being used for managing human resources of retail store. Gathering the requirements for building a system for smaller retail stores. Designing and Implementing the simple system which incorporates the core modules required in a HRM System.   Testing and Evaluating the system. Design An employee management system for a retail store would involve many users like a normal employee, supervisor, team leader, manager, HR manager and a general manager. Some of the most common user roles include an employee, manager, HR Manager, General Manager and an Administrator. The following use case diagrams illustrate the various functionalities provided for different set of users. The system would be built entirely on model-view-controller design (MVC) where view classes forms the front end of the system, controller classes directs the request and response to appropriate modules based on the type of request and model classes consists of the business logic of the entire system. Employee management system consists of various modules which are basic requirements for any start-up retail store. The following diagram depicts the structure of proposed Employee Management System. Payroll Module This module based on attendance and tax deductions automatically generates the pay check at the end of the pay period which can be 2 weeks or 4 weeks or a month depending on the company policies. At the end of the payment period, employee can view his pay check and HR/Admin can view all the employees pay checks. Attendance Module This module keeps track of employee attendance. It allows employee to mark his attendance and also notifies manager and HR if employee takes unauthorised leave. Holiday Management Module This module manages all the holidays of the employees. It allows an employee to request holidays and notifies the manager of the same. When manager approves, the shift will be marked paid/unpaid leave depending on the type of leave applied. Performance Analysis Module In this module performance of the employee is calculated based on the factors that determine the performance for a particular job role. The factors set aside for every job role depends from company to company and from store to store. There will be a basic framework built for this module and depending on the company it can be customised. Shifts Management Module In this module Manager can allocate a shift to an employee which has to be approved by HR. Some of the user roles of this system at basic level are Employee, Manager, General Manager and HR. The uses-cases are as follows: Employee Use-Case    Manager Use-Case HR/Admin Use-Case REFERENCES [1]Automatic Data Processing Inc. Available at: adp.com/solutions/employer-services/professional-employer-organization/small-business/peo-overview/human-resource-management-system.aspx   (Accessed: 19-03-2011) [3] Gui Ying, Tang Bin, Gao Xiao-hui (2009) J2EE-based human resources management Information System design and implementation, pp.20-03-2011. Appendix [1] Project Proposal Form [1] MSc Project Proposal Form AY10/11, Semester 2 Student Number 1002269 Student Name Ramchaitanya Rallapalli Balasubramanyam Degree Course MSc Computers and Internet Applications Supervisor Name Rob Manton Title of Project Employee Management System Description of your artefact There is a strong need for an employee management system which is simple, efficient and free for upcoming retail stores to quicken many processes. Currently many supermarkets like Sainsbury use different HRM solutions provided by major vendors like SAP, Oracle etc. to manage different HR department functionalities which are not within the scope of smaller retailers.The aim of this project is to provide a low cost efficient system which integrates all the necessary functionalities to manage the human resources of the retail store.Some of the main features the system includes are:The system monitors the employees’ attendance. Allows Employee to apply for their paid holidays and check their pay slips. Provides manager with various functionalities like allocating shifts, approving holidays and monitoring performance. Notifies manager of any unauthorized absence of an employee. Allows HR department to add, edit and delete employees and approve holidays. The artefact will be a web application totally developed using struts framework and will be deployed on a tomcat server. The backend will be developed using MySql Database. What methodology (structured process) will you be following to realise your artefact? The entire application will be designed based on MVC architecture where the business logic is separated from the presentation part and hence making the application reusable and customisable to any business.The entire application will be developed using open source technologies. There are 4 modules namely Payroll management, Attendance Management, Holiday Management and Shifts management which will be implemented fully and Performance management modules basic framework will be implemented which can be customised and built based on the business requirements which describes the governing factors for performance.The entire process will be divided into different phases and developed according to simplest software development life cycle model that is waterfall model where entire project is developed linearly starting from requirements gathering analysis and terminating at maintenance. How does your project relate to your degree course and build upon the units/knowledge you have studied/acquired As part of MSc Computers and Internet Applications I have studied various modules like Internet development, multimedia applications, applied programming and Online Database applications which will be helpful in developing this project. Resources Tomcat server, eclipse IDE and MySql database. Have you completed submitted your ethics form? Yes

Why do you want to teach Special Education Essay

Why do you want to teach Special Education - Essay Example I am aware that a special education teacher is required to be organized, patient, has the ability to motivate his students, understand his students and the teacher should also be able to accept the differences in others, something I experienced on a first hand basis. It is to my understanding that special education is a little different from the normal education system in that; their curriculum is modified to meet the students’ needs. The special education program is available at all levels from preschool, elementary, middle, and secondary level (â€Å"U.S Bureau of Labour Statistics† 206).  The teaching modes include the use of individualized instructions that can only apply to a specific child, for example, some students might need extra time during exams or others might need the teacher to teach at a slow pace for them to understand.  Furthermore, I also understand that there must be a strong teacher-parent relationship because that is the only way a parent will trust the school to take care of his or her child. In addition, there are reports of a rise in job prospects, in this area, due to a rise in enrolment of students with disabilities, and I believe I can get this opportunity (â€Å"U.S Bureau of Labour Statistics†

FUNDAMENTALS OF E-BUSINESS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

FUNDAMENTALS OF E-BUSINESS - Essay Example The present study would analyse the website of Sina which is a news and media company that provides news and other related content on its website. The study would evaluate the brand with regards to the design structure and content as well as analysis of the branding strategy of the organization using the online channel. Apart from this aspects of social networking and mass customisation would also be included in the study. The study would analyse the website of the organization on the basis of all the above mentioned elements. This would also include analysis of the demerits as well as possible corrective measures or strategies. The study would end with a section that summarises the findings of the study and also puts forth set of plausible recommendations that would enable the firm to ensure sustainable competitive advantage in the market. Introduction The business environment prevailing in this world resembles a highly competitive market environment where business organizations are engaged in cut throat competition. Globalisation has also led to business organizations breaching geographical and political boundaries to reach out to new markets to leverage the potential of the opportunities of different markets. This has also enhanced the aspect of competition in the business markets as firms are essentially resorting to price war that has further intensified competition as the profit margins of the companies have been squeezed. In order to differentiate the products and services firms are essentially adopting different means to reach out to customers in an attempt to increase awareness and improve the brand image and positioning of their products and services among the minds of the target market audience. The advancement in internet technology has opened yet another channel for business organizations to showcase their products and services to a wide and large number of target market audiences. The immense reach and potential of this channel has made its one of the powerful channels for business organizations to showcase their products. The growing popularity of online social networking sites has also opened up greater opportunities for this channel. The present study would analyse the online communication channel of Sina which is a leading media house based in China. The study would evaluate the aspect of web design as well as it underlying concepts as well as branding, mass customisation and the aspect of social networking that affects the brand image of the organization. The study would also have a set of plausible recommendations for the organization that would enable it to maintain a roadmap of positive growth and sustainability in the business markets. Website Structure Design and Concepts In order to effectively leverage the opportunities of the online channel it is highly essential to have a website that has a good design and attractiveness so as to make an appeal among the members of the target audience. It is also essential to i nclude a suitable content for readers and visitors so as to create awareness of the website in the minds of the customers. Sina is a media company that larges uses the online channel for its business. The main areas of business include news and related contents, mobile service, online and community gaming as well as online shopping portal. The revenues of the firm mainly arise from advertising